現在大傢在進行托福備考時 TPO 托福模考軟件相信是大傢用的最多的工具瞭，對於托福成績的提升是非常有幫助的。托福聽力可以說是整個托福考試當中比較重要的一個部分，如何利用現有資料 TPO 模考軟件來提升大傢的托福成績呢 ? 今天小編在這裡整理瞭 TPO9 托福聽力 Lecture4 文本 + 題目 + 答案解析來分享給大傢，希望對大傢托福聽力備考有幫助。
TPO9 托福聽力 Lecture4 原文文本
Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a linguistics class. The professor has been discussing animal communication systems.
Lecturer: So last time, we covered the dances honey bees do to indicate where food can be found and the calls and songs of different types of birds. Today, I'd like to look at some communication systems found in mammals, particularly in primates, such as orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas... Yes, Thomas?
Student: Excuse me, Professor. But when you talk about gorilla language, do you mean like, those experiments where humans taught them sign language or a language like...
Lecturer: OK, wait just a minute. Now, who in this class heard me use the word "language"? No one I hope. What we're talking about here are systems of communication, all right?
Student: Oh, sorry, communication, right. But could you maybe, like, clarify what the difference is?
Lecturer: Of course, that's a fair question. OK, well, to start with, let's make it clear that language is a type of communication, not the other way around. OK, so all communication systems, language included, have certain features in common. For example, the signals used to communicate from the bee's dance movements, to the word and sentences found in human languages.
All these signals convey meaning. And all communication systems serve a purpose, a pragmaticfunction of some sort – warning of danger perhaps or offering other needed information. But there're several features peculiar to human language that have, for the most part, never been found in the communication system of any other species.
For one thing, learn ability. Animals have instinctive communication systems. When a dog, a puppy gets to certain age, it's able to bark. It barks without having to learn how from other dogs, it just barks. But much of human language has to be learned from other humans. What else makes human language unique? What makes it different from animal communication? Deborah?
D: How about grammar? Like having verbs, nouns, adjectives?
L: OK, that's another feature. And it's a good example...
D: I mean I mention this ‘ cause like in my biology class last year, I kind of remember talking about a study on prairie dogs, where, I think the researchers claimed that the warning cries of prairie dogs constitute language, because they have these different parts of speech. You know, like nouns, to name the type of predator they spotted, adjectives to describe its size and shape, verbs..., but now it seems like...
L: All right, hold on a moment. I'm familiar with the study you're talking about. And for those of you who don't know, prairie dogs are not actually dogs. They're a type of rodent who, who burrow in the ground, in the grasslands of the western United States and Mexico.
In this study, the researchers looked at the high-pitched barks a prairie dog makes when it spots predator. And from this they made some pretty.., well, they made some claims about these calls qualifying as an actual language, with its own primitive grammar. But actually, these warning calls are no different from those found among certain types of monkeys. And, well, let's not even get into the question of whether concepts like noun and verb can be meaningfully applied to animal communication.
Another thing that distinguishes a real language is a property we call "discreteness". In other words, messages are built up out of smaller parts, sentences out of words, words out of individual sounds, etc. Now maybe you could say that the prairie dog's message is built from smaller parts.
Like say for example, our prairie dog spots a predator, a big coyote approaching rapidly. So the prairie dog makes a call that means "coyote", then one that means "large", and then another one to indicate its speed. But do you really suppose it makes any difference what order these calls come in? No.
But the discrete units that make up language can be put together in different ways. Those smaller parts can be used to form an infinite number of messages, including messages that are completely novel, that have never been expressed before. For example, we can differentiate between: "A large coyote moves fast." and say "Move the large coyote fast."or "Move fast, large coyote.", and I truly doubt whether anyone has ever uttered either of these sentences before. Human language is productive, an open-ended communication system, whereas no other communication system has this property.
And another feature of language that's not displayed by any form of animal communication is what we call "displacement". That is, language is abstract enough that we can talk about things that aren't present here and now. Things like "My friend Joe is not in the room." or "It will probably rain next Thursday." Prairie dogs may be able to tell you about a hawk that ’ s circling overhead right now, but they never show any inclination to describe the one they saw last week.
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TPO9 托福聽力 Lecture4 題目文本
Question 1 of 6
What does the professor mainly discuss?
A. The findings of a study on prairie dog communication.
B. The way that mammals learn to make warning cries.
C. Features that distinguish language from animal communication systems.
D. Various types of signal used by animals to communicate with each other.
Question 2 of 6
Why does the student mention a research project she studied in a biology class?
A. To point out similarities in the behavior of rodents and monkeys.
B. To explain how she first became interested in animal communication.
C. To introduce an instance of an animal species that might have language.
D. To show how she applied her knowledge of linguistics in another course.
Question 3 of 6
What is the professor's opinion of a recent study of prairie dogs?
A. She finds the study interesting but is not convinced that prairie dogs can communicate.
B. She thinks that some claims made by the researchers are not supported by their findings.
C. She sees the study as proof that mammals other than humans possess a form of language.
D. She thinks the researchers misinterpreted the high-pitched barks as warming signals.
Question 4 of 6
What does the professor say about the individual units that make up human languages?
A. They can be combined to create an infinite number of new messages.
B. They are not capable of being reproduced by members of any other species.
C. They function in the same way as the signals all animals use to communicate.
D. They are acquired instinctively without having to be learned.
Question 5 of 6
The professor uses the sentence, "Move the large coyote fast", in order to illustrate two features of language. What are they?Click on 2 answers.
A. Displacement.
B. Learnability.
C. Productivity.
D. Discreteness.
Question 6 of 6
Why does the professor say this?
A. To see if anyone knows the answer to the student's question
B. To suggest that the student ’ s using the wrong terminology
C. To express frustration because she has already answered a similar question
D. To determine whether she has been speaking clearly enough
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TPO9 托福聽力 Lecture4 答案解析
正確答案：C
題目解析：教授說：I'd like to look at some communication systems found in mammals, particularly in primates, such as orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas... 但是這樣選擇證據還不充分，往下面聽內 容。下面教授討論瞭幾個 features, 人類的 unique。這樣就可以選擇 C 瞭。其他的選項太片面，主旨內容題的答案不會是細節。
題目解析：學生以前在課上學過這些，和教授剛剛提及的有沖突。學生認為 dog 是有語言的。選擇 C。
正確答案：B
題目解析：教授否定瞭 researchers 的 finding. 選擇 B。教授認為 researchers 的 finding 不對，不能支持他們的觀點。
正確答案：A
題目解析：從文中得出不同 unit 的不同組合可以表達無數種可能的 message, 和 A 選項對應。
正確答案：CD
題目解析： "A large coyote moves fast." and say "Move the large coyote fast." or "Move fast, large coyote." 對應 D 選項 ; Human language is productive, an open-ended communication system 對應 C 選項。
題目解析：之前學生問瞭個問題，提瞭好幾個 language，後面教授打斷他問 : 誰剛聽到我用瞭 language 這個詞呢 ? 很明顯，是覺得這個學生用錯瞭 language 這個詞。
以上就是小編為大傢整理瞭 TPO9 托福聽力 Lecture4 文本 + 題目 + 答案解析，大傢可以邊借助 TPO 模考軟件聽音頻看看自己哪些地方聽不懂，然後來看看原文，同時對練習托福聽力精聽也是很有幫助的。最後，小站教育編輯預祝大傢托福考試能取得理想的成績。
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