下面我們就一起來看看巴斯德對與醫學和微生物學的貢獻吧，備考 SAT 的寶寶們一定要靈活運用下面的素材，充實自己的 SAT 寫作哦 ~
路易 · 巴斯德 ( Louis Pasteur ) 是法國著名的微生物學傢、愛國化學傢，他研究瞭微生物的類型、習性、營養、繁殖、作用等，把微生物的研究從主要研究微生物的形態轉移到研究微生物的生理途徑上來，從而奠定瞭工業微生物學和醫學微生物學的基礎，並開創瞭微生物生理學。
Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, in the region of Jura, France. His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the "germ theory of disease", is one of the most important in medical history. His work became the foundation for the science of microbiology, and a cornerstone of modern medicine.
路易 · 巴斯德於 1822 年 12 月 27 日出生在法國汝拉地區的多爾。他發現大多數傳染病是由細菌引起的，被稱為 " 疾病的微生物理論 "，是醫學歷史上最重要的發現之一。他的工作成為瞭微生物學的基礎，也是現代醫學的基石。
Pasteur's phenomenal contributions to microbiology and medicine can be summarized as follows. First, he championed changes in hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease by microbes. Second, he discovered that weakened forms of a microbe could be used as an immunization against more virulent forms of the microbe. Third, Pasteur found that rabies was transmitted by agents so small they could not be seen under a microscope, thus revealing the world of viruses. As a result he developed techniques to vaccinate dogs against rabies, and to treat humans bitten by rabid dogs. And fourth, Pasteur developed "pasteurization", a process by which harmful microbes in perishable food products are destroyed using heat, without destroying the food.
巴斯德對微生物和醫學的卓越貢獻可以概括如下。首先，他倡導改變醫院的做法，以減少微生物傳播疾病。其次，他發現一種微生物的弱化形式可以作為一種對微生物更致命形式的免疫。第三，巴斯德發現狂犬病是由小動物傳播的，它們在顯微鏡下無法看到，從而揭示瞭病毒的世界。結果，他發明瞭給狗註射狂犬病疫苗的技術，並治療被瘋狗咬傷的人。第四，巴斯德發明瞭 " 巴氏滅菌法 "，在不破壞食物的情況下，易腐爛的食品中的有害微生物會被加熱破壞。
Research on Fermentation and Spontaneous Generation
At the request of a distiller named Bigo from the north of France, Pasteur began to examine why alcohol becomes contaminated with undesirable substances during fermentation. He soon demonstrated that each sort of fermentation is linked to the existence of a specific microorganism or ferment -- a living being that one can study by cultivation in an appropriate, sterile medium. This insight is the basis of microbiology.
Pasteur delivered the fatal blow to the doctrine of spontaneous generation, the theory held for 20 centuries that life could arise spontaneously in organic materials. He also developed a germ theory. At the same time, he discovered the existence of life without oxygen:
"Fermentation is the consequence of life without air". The discovery of anaerobic life paved the way for the study of germs that cause septicemia and gangrene, among other infections. Thanks to Pasteur, it became possible to devise techniques to kill microbes and to control contamination.
發酵與自然生成的研究。
在法國北部的一個叫 Bigo 的釀酒商的要求下，巴斯德開始研究為什麼酒精在發酵過程中會受到不良物質的污染。他很快證明，每種發酵都與特定微生物或酵素的存在有關——一種生物可以通過適當的、無菌的培養基進行培養。這是微生物學的基礎。
巴斯德對自然產生的學說提出瞭致命的一擊，這一理論在 20 世紀中被認為是有機材料中自發產生的。他還發展瞭一種微生物理論。與此同時，他發現瞭生命中沒有氧氣的存在 :
" 發酵是沒有空氣的生活的結果 "。厭氧生活的發現為研究導致敗血癥和壞疽以及其他感染的細菌鋪平瞭道路。多虧瞭巴斯德，發明瞭殺死微生物和控制污染的技術成為可能。
Technique of "Pasteurization"
Emperor Napoleon III asked Pasteur to investigate the diseases afflicting wine which were causing considerable economic losses to the wine industry. Pasteur went to a vineyard in Arbois in 1864 to study this problem. He demonstrated that wine diseases are caused by microorganisms that can be killed by heating the wine to 55deg.C for several minutes. Applied to beer and milk, this process, called "pasteurization", soon came into use throughout the world.
" 巴氏消毒法 " 的技術
拿破侖三世要求巴斯德調查影響葡萄酒的疾病，這些疾病給葡萄酒產業造成瞭相當大的經濟損失。1864 年，巴斯德來到阿爾佈瓦的一個葡萄園研究這個問題。他證明瞭葡萄酒疾病是由微生物引起的，而微生物可以通過將葡萄酒加熱到 55deg 來殺死。C 幾分鐘。這一過程被稱為 " 巴氏滅菌法 "，應用於啤酒和牛奶，很快就在世界各地廣泛使用。
A Man of Freedom and Rigor
Pasteur's work is not simply the sum of his discoveries. It also represents the revolution of scientific methodology. Pasteur superimposed two indisputable rules of modern research: the freedom of creative imagination necessarily subjected to rigorous experimentation. He would teach his disciples :
"Do not put forward anything that you cannot prove by experimentation"
Louis Pasteur was a humanist, always working towards the improvement of the human condition. He was a free man who never hesitated to take issue with the prevailing yet false ideas of his time.He ascribed particular importance to the spread of knowledge and the applications of research.
In the scientist's lifetime, Pasteurien theory and method were put into use well beyond the borders of France.
Fully aware of the international importance of his work, Pasteur's disciples dispersed themselves wherever their assistance was needed. In 1891, the first Foreign Institut Pasteur was founded in Saigon ( today Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ) launching what was to become a vast international network of Instituts Pasteur.
Because he changed the world forever, his homeland and the world have long considered him a benefactor of humanity.
一個自由和嚴謹的人
巴斯德的工作不僅僅是他的發現的總和。它也代表瞭科學方法論的革命。巴斯德對現代研究提出瞭兩個無可爭議的規則 : 創造性想象力的自由必然受到嚴格的實驗。他會教導他的門徒 :
" 不要提出任何你無法通過實驗證明的東西 "
路易 · 巴斯德是一位人道主義者，一直致力於改善人類的狀況。他是一個自由的人，他從不猶豫，對當時盛行的、錯誤的觀念提出異議。他認為知識的傳播和研究的應用特別重要。
在這位科學傢的一生中，巴氏滅菌理論和方法被廣泛應用於法國以外的地區。
巴斯德的信徒充分意識到他的工作在國際上的重要性，在需要援助的地方分散瞭他們的註意力。1891 年，第一個外國研究所在西貢 ( 今天的越南胡志明市 ) 成立，成立瞭一個由巴斯德研究所組成的龐大國際網絡。
因為他永遠改變瞭世界，他的祖國和世界一直認為他是人類的恩人。
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