現在大傢在進行托福備考時 TPO 托福模考軟件相信是大傢用的最多的工具瞭，對於托福成績的提升是非常有幫助的。托福聽力可以說是整個托福考試當中比較重要的一個部分，如何利用現有資料 TPO 模考軟件來提升大傢的托福成績呢 ? 今天小編在這裡整理瞭 TPO8 托福閱讀 Passage3 原文文本 + 題目 + 答案解析來分享給大傢，希望對大傢托福聽力備考有幫助。
TPO8 托福閱讀 Passage3 原文文本
Running Water on Mars
Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems — sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length — of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to mergeinto larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago ( the age of the Martian highlands ) , when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.
Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped "islands" ( resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide ) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous — perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.
Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta — a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin ’ s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.
These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers — layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen — that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.
Aside from some small-scale gullies ( channels ) found since 2000, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is tiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past.
Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet ’ s polar caps.
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TPO8 托福閱讀 Passage3 題目
Question 1 of 13
The word "merge " in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. expand
B. separate
C. straighten out
D. combine
Question 2 of 13
What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars?
A. The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is today.
B. Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.
C. The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth ’ s.
D. The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years ago.
Question 3 of 13
The word "relics " in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. remains
B. sites
C. requirements
D. sources
Question 4 of 13
The word "miniature " in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. temporary
B. small
C. multiple
D. familiar
Question 5 of 13
In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon river per second?
A. To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars ’ outflow channels
B. To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars ’ outflow channels were formed
C. To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped "islands" to form
D. To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains
Question 6 of 13
According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:
A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.
B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.
C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.
D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions.
Question 7 of 13
All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:
A. What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?
B. Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta emptied?
C. Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with water?
D. During what period of Mars ’ history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?
Question 8 of 13
According to paragraph 3, images of Mars ’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that
A. the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are now
B. a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water
C. deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscape
D. the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over time
Question 9 of 13
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.
B. But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.
C. But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.
D. But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.
Question 10 of 13
According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?
A. Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.
B. The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.
C. Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars ’ surface for long periods of time.
D. The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.
Question 11 of 13
The word "hints " in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. clues
B. features
C. arguments
D. effects
Question 12 of 13
Look at the four squares [ ■ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways..
Question 13 of 13
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. There is much debate concerning whether Mars once had water.
A.Mars ’ runoff and outflow channels are large-scale, distinctive features that suggest that large quantities of liquid water once flowed on Mars.
B.Although some researchers claim that Mars may once have had oceans, others dispute this, pointing to an absence of evidence or offering alternative interpretations of evidence.
C.Various types of images have been used to demonstrate that most of Martian surface contains evidence of flowing water.
D.The runoff and outflow channels of Mars apparently carried a higher volume of water and formed more extensive networks than do Earth ’ s river systems.
E.There is very little evidence of liquid water on Mars today, and it is assumed that all the water that once existed on the planet is frozen beneath its surface.
F.While numerous gullies have been discovered on Mars since 2000, many astronomers dismiss them as evidence that Mars once had liquid water.
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TPO8 托福閱讀 Passage3 解析
正確答案：D
題目解析：
merge: 合並。A 是擴張 ;B 是分開 ;C 是改正，扯平 ;D 是結合。所以 D 的 combine 正確。對應原文：These flow features are extensive systems--sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length--of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. 原句說那些 interconnecting 的，twisting 的 channel 怎麼樣成為大的更寬的 channel，merge 應該有變大之意。expand 和 combine 可能正確，具體哪個對隻能靠認識瞭。
正確答案：B
B 以 runoff channels 和 southern highlands 做關鍵詞定位至第三句，但問題問的是表明瞭什麼，關鍵詞所在句明顯沒說，接著本段又說瞭一大堆這種 channel 的特點，直到最後一句才說 speak of blabla，答案在最後一句，B 正確 ;A 和 D 說反瞭 ;C 沒說。
正確答案：A
A, relics: 遺跡，殘餘。A 是殘餘 ;B 是遺址 ;C 是要求 ;D 是資源。所以 A 的 remains 正確。
B miniature: 小型的，縮略圖，小模型，所以 B 的 small 正確。先看單詞本身，前半部分是個 mini，就是小的意思，迷你，所以會猜到跟小相關。A 是暫時的 ;C 是多重的，多樣的 ;D 是熟悉的。
A 修辭目的題，往前看，本句修詞點之前有破折號，證明這個 105 ton 是解釋前面內容的。之前說那些 channel 的水流量非常大，然後馬上出現瞭一個 105 ton 的例子，所以答案是 A。
正確答案：C
C EXCEPT 題，排除法。A 的 volcanic activity 做關鍵詞定位至最後一句，正確，不選 ;B 的 certain parts 與原文第二句的 equatorial regions 同義重合，正確，不選 ;C 的 beaches 做關鍵詞定位至倒數第三句，但原文說洪水形成的小島形狀像海灘上的沙子，跟 C 說的不同，所以 C 錯，選 ;D 的 northward 做關鍵詞定位至第三句，再結合第二句，說明 D 正確，不選。
D EXCEPT 題，排除法。A 的 regions 做關鍵詞定位至第二句的後半部分和倒數第二句，正確，不選 ;B 的 delta 做關鍵詞定位至原文第二句，正確，不選 ;C 的 craters 做關鍵詞定位至第二句，但原文隻說有 crater 被填滿，沒說幾個，所以 C 錯，選 ;D 的 large bodies of water 與原文第一句的 rivers, lakes and even oceans 同義重合，正確，不選。
D 排除法。A 的 polar 做關鍵詞定位至倒數第二句，原文沒說比現在更 extensive，錯，不選 ; 同時這句話說北部的 lowland 可能是個 ancient ocean，與 B 選項說的在水下是同義重現，所以 B 正確，選 ;C 的 deltas 做關鍵詞定位至第二句，原文沒說 common，錯，不選 ;D 的專有名詞定位至最後一句，沒說變化，錯，不選。
B 從句套並列句，原句說 detractors 認為 terrace 是由地質活動，而非水的原因形成的。A 錯，水和地質活動是對等的兩面，不是因果關系 ;B 正確 ;C 的 southern 和 northern 偷換原文概念，內容亂拼，錯 ;D 與 A 的錯誤類似，原文的地質活動和水是相對立的關系，不是這裡的 so that 引導的因果關系，錯。
B 以 2003 Global Surveyor data 做關鍵詞定位至第四句，說沒有 carbonate，而 carbonate 是大洋中經常有的，也就是說火星上沒有 ocean，而且下一句說 cold dry 火星，所以 B 正確。
hint: 暗示，示意。A 是線索 ;B 是特征 ;C 是論證 ;D 是效果。所以 A 的 clue 正確。對應原文：Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past. 原句說把未經證實的什麼擱置，之前說除瞭 2000 年發現的一些 gully 之外，astronomers 沒有直接證據，緊接著說把未經證實的什麼擱置，肯定是證據之類的意思，B 特點 C 爭論 D 影響都不對。
A，兩個過渡點，these landscape features 和 a number of ways，特別註意 a number of ways 應該是個提綱性的句子，所以應該盡量往前插，後面的若幹句話都在敘述 outflow 與 runoff channel 的不同，所以 A 正確。these landscape features 指代前面的 relics of catastrophic flooding。
正確答案：ABE
ABE Mars 選項對應原文第一段第三四句和第二段第一句，正確。Although 選項對應原文第三段和第四段的第一句，正確。Various 選項 MS 對應第一段第一句，但原文沒說相片有 various type，不選。The runoff 選項 MS 對應第一段倒數第二句，但原文沒有將火星和地球進行比較，不選。There is 選項對應第五段第一句和最後一句，正確。While 選項 MS 對應第五段第一句，但原文說沒有證據，答案說 dismiss 證據，說反，錯。
以上就是小編為大傢整理瞭 TPO8 托福閱讀 Passage3 文文本 + 題目 + 答案解析，大傢可以邊借助 TPO 模考軟件聽音頻看看自己哪些地方聽不懂，然後來看看原文，同時對練習托福聽力精聽也是很有幫助的。最後，小站教育編輯預祝大傢托福考試能取得理想的成績。
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